About Book

Plant anatomy is the general term for the study of the internal structure of plants. While originally it included plant morphology, which is the description of the physical form and external structure of plants, since the mid-20th Century the investigations of plant anatomy are considered a separate, distinct field, and plant anatomy refers to just the internal plant structures. It is now frequently investigated at the cellular level, and often involves the sectioning of tissues and microscopy. A typical plant body consists of three major vegetative organs: the root, the stem, and the leaf, as well as a set of reproductive parts that include flowers, fruits, and seeds. This book presents the recent concepts and terminology of plant anatomy with a special emphasis on its significance and applications to other disciplines and addresses the central role of anatomy. It deals with proteomics strategies, plant senescence, polysaccharides, ultrastructure, biological activity, germination, anatomical changes and water stress.While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. The topics covered in it offer the readers new insights in the field of plant anatomy. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this book covers the most significant topics in this field.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Cellular and Ultrastructure Alteration of Plant Roots in Response to Metal Stress.............................................................................................1

Abstract ..................................................................................................1

1. Introduction ..........................................................................................2

2. Metal source and contaminants in nature ......................................3

3. Growth inhibition due to metal stress ............................................4

4. Physiological responses and oxidative stress induced by metal

toxicity.....................................................................................................9

5. Accumulator plants are resistant to metal toxicity......................13

6. Conclusions .........................................................................................14

Acknowledgements ...........................................................................15

Conflict of interest .............................................................................15

Nomenclature .....................................................................................15

Chapter 2 Water Stress: Morphological and Anatomical Changes in Soybean (Glycine max L.) Plants............................................................................26

Abstract ................................................................................................26

1. Introduction ........................................................................................27

2. Analyses of soybean responses to water deficit stress ..............28

3. Description of soybean morphology and anatomy ....................29

4. Effect of water deficit on plant metabolism .................................37

5. Nodulation............................................................................................41

6. Impact of water deficit on flowering and fruiting .....................42

7. Other biotic and abiotic stress effects ...........................................44

8. Water stress management and crop improvement .....................45

9. Conclusions and perspectives...........................................................47

Acknowledgements.............................................................................47

Chapter 3 Effects of Some Hormone Applications on Germination and

Morphological Characters of Endangered Plant Species Lilium

artvinense L. Seeds...................................................................................54

Abstract ................................................................................................54

1. Introduction ........................................................................................55

2. Conclusions .........................................................................................62

Chapter 4 Plant Cell Wall Polymers: Function, Structure and Biological

Activity of Their Derivatives.................................................................73

1. Introduction ........................................................................................73

2. Plant cell wall polymers ...................................................................74

3. Components and function of the primary constituents of plant

cell wall ................................................................................................75

4. Biosynthesis of the plant cell wall polymers................................84

5. Biological activity of plant cell wall derivatives .........................86

6. Current applications of plant cell wall-derived

oligosaccharins ...................................................................................92

Acknowledgement .............................................................................92

Chapter 5 Ultrastructure and Cell Wall Thickness Modification and Its

Detection After Chemical Treatments in Huanglongbing Infected

Citrus Plants.............................................................................................102

1. Introduction........................................................................................102

2. Materials and methods....................................................................104

3. Results.................................................................................................109

4. Discussion...........................................................................................116

Chapter 6 Single-Molecule Force Microscopy: A Potential Tool for the

Mapping of Polysaccharides in Plant Cell Walls...........................120

1. Introduction........................................................................................120

2. The plant cell wall............................................................................120

3. Atomic force microscopy as a tool for studying plant cell

walls.....................................................................................................122

4. A system for single-molecule force microscopy of celery (Apium

graveolens L.) parenchyma cell walls using glycoside probes....124

5. Force mapping celery cell wall fractions.....................................126

6. Force mapping the celery cell wall in situ...................................131

7. Conclusions........................................................................................134

Chapter 7 Role of Intracellular Hydrogen Peroxide as Signalling Molecule for Plant Senescence...............................................................................142

1. Introduction........................................................................................142

2. Results and discussion.....................................................................145

3. Conclusion..........................................................................................158

4. Experimental procedures.................................................................159

5. Acknowledgment..............................................................................161

Chapter 8 Assessment of Proteomics Strategies for Plant Cell WALL Glycosyltransferases IN Wheat, a Non-Model Species: Glucurono(Arabino)Xylan as a Case Study.....................................168

1. Introduction........................................................................................168

2. Advantages and disadvantages of proteomics strategies.........171

3. Application of proteomics strategies to the identification of GAX

synthesizing GTs...............................................................................175

4. Discussion...........................................................................................190

5. Conclusion..........................................................................................196

6. Acknowledgment..............................................................................196

Citation......................................................................................................201

Index...........................................................................................................203

About Author

Dan Robinson pursued his M.Sc. in Plant Science from Public University, Manitoba. His expertise lies in crop physiology. He is an Assistant Professor at Community College, Nevada. His works have been published in various books as reference material. Robinson has won a "Distinguished Faculty Lecturer Award" for his outstanding contribution towards the student community especially in the undergraduate programs.He has been an eminent speaker in seminars across America and Europe.