About Book

Water is becoming a progressively scarce resource on our planet. Although we have vast amount of water on our planet, but fresh water makes up only about 1 % of all the planet’s water bodies. It is reasonable to say at this point, that any sources of water which might be used economically and effectively be promoted and further developed in the overall benefit of human kind. Wastewater treatment is a process to convert wastewater-which is water no longer needed or suitable for its most recent use-into an effluent that can be either returned to the water cycle with minimal environmental issues or reused. The principal objective of wastewater treatment is generally to allow human and industrial effluents to be disposed of without danger to human health or unacceptable damage to the natural environment. This book deals with the various treatments and applications to which the waste water is subjected to make reuse of water a possibility. It explores zeolites, oxidation processes, activated carbons, anaerobic treatment, agro-industrial wastewater, microalgae biomass, dye containing wastewater, macrobiological methods, glucose-based wastewater, treatment of sewage and organic coagulants. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of water conservation. It is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of this field. The topics covered in it offer the readers new insights about this subject. This book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment......................................................................................................1

.Abstract..........................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................1

2. Chemical purification process............................................................3

3. Coagulants............................................................................................10

4. General characteristics of coagulants..............................................11

5. Conclusion............................................................................................18

Acknowledgements....................................................................................19

Chapter 2 Treatment of Sewage (Domestic Wastewater or Municipal Wastewater) and Electricity Production by Integrating Constructed Wetland with Microbial Fuel Cell ......................................................23

Abstract ................................................................................................23

1. Introduction..........................................................................................24

2. Introduction of bioelectrochemical systems...................................25

3. Constructed wetland..........................................................................28

4. Microbial fuel cell implemented in constructed wetland:

Recently emerged technology...........................................................31

5. Comparison of CW-MFC with traditional biological

treatment processes.............................................................................34

6. Conclusions and future perspectives..............................................35

Chapter 3 Valorization of Glucose-Based Wastewater Through Production of Hydrogen, Volatile Fatty Acids and Alcohols ..................................43

Abstract ................................................................................................43

1. Introduction..........................................................................................44

2. Materials and methods......................................................................45

3. Results and discussion.......................................................................47

4. Conclusions..........................................................................................57

Chapter 4 Application of Macrobiological Methods in the Settlement

Wastewater Treatment ............................................................................64

Abstract ................................................................................................64

1. Introduction..........................................................................................65

2. Macrobiological methods in the wastewater treatment..............65

3. Treatment mechanism........................................................................67

4. Macrobiological living stations.........................................................69

5. Objects and system design................................................................73

6. Usage of the resource and energy potential of waste waters...80

7. Conclusion............................................................................................85

Chapter 5 A Review of State-of-the-Art Technologies in Dye-Containing

Wastewater Treatment – The Textile Industry Case........................88

Abstract.................................................................................................88

1. Introduction..........................................................................................89

2. Processes in textile industry.............................................................90

3. Treatment processes of textile industry wastewaters..................98

4. State of the art processes.................................................................104

5. Conclusions and recommendations...............................................113

Chapter 6 Potential Production of Biofuel from Microalgae Biomass Produced

in Wastewater...........................................................................................120

1. Introduction........................................................................................120

2. Wastewater microalgae production...............................................122

3. Biofuels................................................................................................125

4. Conclusions........................................................................................135

Acknowledgements...........................................................................136

Chapter 7 Biogas Production from Anaerobic Treatment of Agro-Industrial

Wastewater ...............................................................................................146

1. Introduction........................................................................................146

2. Historical background......................................................................147

3. Fundamentals of microbiology and biochemistry in anaerobic ...

digestion ............................................................................................148

4. Factors affecting the generation of methane ..............................152

5. Proprieties and volumetric compensation of the gases from

anaerobic process .............................................................................160

6. Reactor types......................................................................................162

7. Bioenergy production from different kinds of wastewaters....164

8. Biogas production from agro-industrial wastewaters ..............165

Chapter 8 Applications of Activated Carbons Obtained from Lignocellulosic Materials for the Wastewater Treatment .........................................175

1. Introduction........................................................................................175

2. Description of activated carbons for wastewater treatment and

desalination .......................................................................................177

3. Description of adsorption mechanisms of priority water pollutants

using activated carbons ................................................................189

4. Desorption and regeneration studies of activated carbons used

in water treatment ...........................................................................191

5. Conclusions .......................................................................................192

6. Acknowledgments ...........................................................................193

Chapter 9 Advanced Oxidation Processes in Food Industry Wastewater Treatment – A Review .........................................................................199

1. Introduction........................................................................................199

2. Characteristics of food industry wastewaters.............................200

3. Advanced oxidation processes ......................................................206

4. AOP applications in food industry wastewater treatment.......215

5. Conclusion..........................................................................................222

6. Acknowledgements...........................................................................222

Chapter 10 Application of Illite- and Kaolinite-Rich Clays in the Synthesis of Zeolites for Wastewater Treatment ...................................................233

1. Introduction........................................................................................233

2. Experimental procedure and materials .......................................235

3. From clays to zeolites......................................................................237

4. Results.................................................................................................239

5. Effectiveness of illite-based zeolites as sorbent material in heavy

metal uptake......................................................................................240

6. Conclusions........................................................................................244

7. Acknowledgments.............................................................................244

Citation......................................................................................................251

Index...........................................................................................................253

About Author

Alfredo West pursued his Master of Science in Waste Management from University at Melbourne. He serves as a guest lecturer in many universities across Asia and Europe.. West has wide ranging areas of academic and research interests, which include chemical waste management, sewage treatment, conventional pollutants and industrial wastewater treatment. He was awarded the “University Excellence in Teaching” award for his outstanding contribution to the student community in the field of waste management and recycling. He has also authored and edited several texts, which include articles, technical papers and book chapters, in the fields of water management.