About Book

The natural world is made up of living and non-living things. Interactions between these components especially in resource sharing, allocation and use, have an important function in the environment. The management and protection of ecosystem is essential for the functioning of ecosphere processes and for the wellbeing of the biotic and abiotic components of the Earth. Ecosystem management is a response to today’s deepening biodiversity crisis. It is an approach to ecosystem maintenance and restoration that aims to promote the long-term sustainability of ecosystem functioning and thus, meet socioeconomic, political, and cultural needs by ensuring the persistence of ecosystem services. It uses an ecosystem-based approach to resource management in order to address the myriad challenges that arise from fragmented landscapes and diverse management strategies. This book elucidates new techniques and applications of ecosystem management in a multidisciplinary approach. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of ecosystem management. It deals with tropical ecosystems, biodiversity mechanism, forest ecosystems, arbuscular mycorrhizal, agrorural ecosystem effects, ecosystem functioning and freshwater ecosystems. The topics included in it are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to students. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 An Overview of Cyanobacteria Harmful Algal Bloom (CyanoHAB) Issues in Freshwater Ecosystems............................................................1

Abstract ..................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................2

2. Involving factors in CyanoHAB pattern..........................................3

3. Mathematical modeling: a necessary approach for studying

CyanoHAB proliferation......................................................................6

4. Dominant taxa found in HABs in freshwater .............................10

5. Negative outcomes from CyanoHABs............................................10

6. Conclusions..........................................................................................16

Chapter 2 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in Tropical Habitats — Case Studies and Future Perspectives in Atlantic Rainforest and Cerrado Landscapes..................................................................................32

1. Introduction..........................................................................................32

2. Case study 1.........................................................................................35

3. Case study 2.........................................................................................41

4. Case study 3.........................................................................................47

5. Discussion.............................................................................................51

6. Conclusions and perspectives...........................................................52

Chapter 3 Agrorural Ecosystem Effects on the Macroinvertebrate Assemblages of a Tropical River...................................................................................72

1. Introduction..........................................................................................72

2. Materials and methods......................................................................73

3. Results...................................................................................................89

4. Discussion.............................................................................................97

5. Conclusions........................................................................................102

Chapter 4 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and their Value for Ecosystem

Management.............................................................................................111

1. Introduction........................................................................................111

2. The impact of humans on AMF biodiversity..............................120

3. AMF biodiversity restoration..........................................................124

4. Perspectives........................................................................................133

Chapter 5 Arthropods and Nematodes: Functional Biodiversity in

Forest Ecosystems ..................................................................................149

1. Introduction ......................................................................................149

2. Tree crown ........................................................................................152

3. Tree trunks ........................................................................................160

4. Litter and soil ...................................................................................166

5. Conclusion .........................................................................................174

6. Acknowledgements .........................................................................174

Chapter 6 A Study on Biodiversity Mechanism by the Creativity Theory of

Ecosystem..................................................................................................178

1. Introduction........................................................................................178

2. Creativity Theory of Ecosystems (CTE) ......................................180

3. Test of the CTE..................................................................................184

4. Conclusions .......................................................................................189

5. Acknowledgements .........................................................................190

6. Appendix 1 .......................................................................................190

Chapter 7 Accounting the Carbon Storage in Disturbed and Non-Disturbed

Tropical Andean Ecosystems ..............................................................200

1. Introduction........................................................................................200

2. The study area .................................................................................202

3. Conclusions .......................................................................................214

4. Future directions ..............................................................................215

5. Acknowledgements .........................................................................216

Citation......................................................................................................223

Index...........................................................................................................225

About Author

Claude Russano pursued his Ph.D. in Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management from Public Research University, Newcastle. He is actively engaged in the researches focused on natural resources restoration and ecosystem sustainability. He serves as a Visiting Professor at University College, Alajuela. Russano has authored and edited several papers, which include articles, journals and book chapters, in the field of natural water resources, ecological psychology, ecosystem conservation and management. His works have also been helpful to many fellow researchers in their respective fields.