About Book

The study of earthquakes plays a key role with the aim to minimize human and material damages when they predictably occur. Recent major earthquakes around the world have revealed the vulnerability of infrastructure and the need for research to better understand the nature of seismic events and their effects on structures. Accordingly, earthquake engineering research has been expanding as more and more data become available from a large array of seismic instruments, large scale experiments and numerical simulations. The design of structures resistant to seismic events is an important field in the structural engineering, because it reduces both the loss of lives and the economic damages that earthquakes can produce. Structural dynamics is an extension of the conventional static structural analysis. It is the study of structural analysis that considers the external loads or displacements to vary with time and the structure to respond to them by its stiffness as well as inertia and damping. This book gives a comprehensive discourse on the various aspects of environmental concerns of earthquakes. It deals with topics such as earthquake source, earthquake safety assessment, bond-based earthquake-proof, earthquake precursor, moderate earthquakes, apparent resistivity, community resilience and earthquake hazards. Chapters in this book will be devoted to various aspects of earthquake research and analysis. This book will be of interest to civil and structural engineers and students with an understanding of the dynamic response of structures to earthquakes and the common analysis techniques employed to evaluate these responses. It will be of great need for practitioners and researchers also.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Changes in Apparent Resistivity in the Late Preparation Stages of Strong Earthquakes....................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................1

2. EQ case research ..................................................................................2

3. Anisotropic AR changes related to strong EQ..............................18

4. Conclusions..........................................................................................23

Chapter 2 Application of Recurrent Radon Precursors for Forecasting Local Large and Moderate Earthquakes.........................................................27

1. Introduction..........................................................................................27

2. Sample collection radon determination ........................................27

3. Suitable geological conditions to catch recurrent radon

precursors ...............................................................................................31

4. In-situ radon volatilization mechanism ........................................35

5. Case study ...........................................................................................37

6. Conclusions .........................................................................................43

7. Acknowledgments .............................................................................44

Chapter 3 Radon as Earthquake Precursor............................................................47

1. Introduction..........................................................................................47

2. Radon production and transport ....................................................49

3. Radon measurements ......................................................................53

4. Origin and mechanisms of radon anomalies .............................55

5. Forecasting relations .........................................................................58

6. Radon anomalies and earthquakes: Some cases .........................60

7. Conclusion .........................................................................................66

Chapter 4 Bond-Based Earthquake-Proof of RC Bridge Columns Reinforced

with Steel Rebars and SFCB..................................................................71

1. Introduction..........................................................................................71

2. Idealized load-deformation model of damage-controllable

RC structures.......................................................................................73

3. Analytical investigation ....................................................................75

4. Experimental evaluation of recoverability of RC bridge columns

reinforced with bond-controlled rebars and SFCBs.....................89

5. Analytical study on RC columns reinforced with bond-controlled

SFCB.......................................................................................................97

6. Summary and conclusions ...............................................................99

Chapter 5 Selection of the Appropriate Methodology for Earthquake Safety

Assessment of Dam Structures............................................................102

1. Introduction ......................................................................................102

2. Selection of design and safety evaluation earthquake .............104

3. Methods of analysis ........................................................................107

4. Analyses and results .......................................................................110

5. Discussions ........................................................................................122

Chapter 6 Application of Empirical Green’s Functions in Earthquake Source,

Wave Propagation and Strong Ground Motion Studies...............127

1. Introduction ......................................................................................127

2. Theoretical considerations ..............................................................131

3. Observations of Empirical Green’s Functions (EGFs) ..............139

4. Earthquake source parameters ......................................................148

5. Strong ground-motion synthesis ..................................................164

6. Strong ground motion prediction and application to seismic

hazard analysis .................................................................................181

Chapter 7 Corporate Contributions to Community Resilience after the Great

East Japan Earthquake Disaster..........................................................198

Abstract...............................................................................................198

1. Introduction........................................................................................199

2. Toward realization of a community that enables autonomous

recovery from disaster.....................................................................199

3. “Kyo-Jyo” as a structure to reduce damage and recover from the

disaster................................................................................................201

4. “Gyo-Jyo”: corporate contribution to community resilience....203

5. Characteristics of corporate contributions in community

mutual-help........................................................................................203

6. Characteristics of corporate contribution to the recovery of

regional society..................................................................................207

7. Characteristics of corporate network contribution to the recovery

of regional society.............................................................................215

8. Characteristics of corporate contribution based on continuous

interview survey................................................................................220

9. Conclusion: the role of “Gyo-Jyo”.................................................226

Acknowledgements...........................................................................227

Conflict of interest............................................................................227

Thanks.................................................................................................227

Chapter 8 An Analysis of Iran’s Cities Distributions in Related to Earthquake Hazard........................................................................................................230

Abstract...............................................................................................230

1. Introduction........................................................................................231

2. Seism tectonic and seismicity of Iran ..........................................232

3. Population Analysis..........................................................................233

4. Cities and urbanization in Iran......................................................234

5. Primacy City Index (PCI) in Iran..................................................235

6. Cities at Risk......................................................................................236

7. Conclusion .........................................................................................237

Citation......................................................................................................241

Index...........................................................................................................243

About Author

DR Price is an Ecologist and Environmental Specialist based at Utrecht with more than 20 years of academic and consulting experience. He holds a Ph.D. in Geography from Public University, Marburg. His research interests include earthquake ground motion and seismic hazard, earthquake moment tensor solutions, and ambient noise measurements on soil. Price has authored over 200 peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and scientific papers published worldwide. He has also co-edited over 80 books on earthquake engineering and geotechnical engineering.