About Book

Global Perspectives is a one-of-a-kind primer on the world's leading sources of aquatic production, presenting expert commentary that includes the latest advancements, developments, and research findings. Aquaculture is the cultivation of aquatic organisms. Unlike fishing, aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, implies the cultivation of aquatic populations under controlled conditions. Mariculture refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments. Aquaculture can happen all over the world, and it does: in coastal ocean waters, freshwater ponds and rivers, and even on land in tanks. The methods of aquaculture’s farm-to-table process can differ from species to species. The genetic improvement of fish for aquaculture and related fisheries is a field of research that has seen considerable advance. This book examines essential elements of aquaculture. It addresses genetics, culture methods, aquaculture water quality, tropical aquaculture, antimicrobial resistance, probiotic application, antibiotics in aquaculture, biofloc technology, biodegradation, metagenomics and molecular cloning. It gathers knowledge about the biology, ecology and human health applications, showing the great potential of the echinoderms in aquaculture.It explores all the important aspects of the field in the present day scenario. This book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and facilitate the study of the discipline.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Applied Molecular Cloning: Present and Future for

Aquaculture..................................................................................................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................1

2. Aquatic animal and molecular cloning............................................3

3. Conclusions..........................................................................................17

Acknowledgements.............................................................................20

Chapter 2 Application of Metagenomics to Chilean Aquaculture...................30

Abstract.................................................................................................30

1. Introduction..........................................................................................31

2. Microbiological threats facing Chilean aquaculture.....................33

3. Microbiota of cultivated species in Chile.......................................35

4. Importance of microbiota-host-environ-ment interactions for the

development of a sustainable aquaculture....................................47

5. Conclusions..........................................................................................52

Acknowledgements.............................................................................53

Conflict of interest..............................................................................53

Notes/thanks/other declarations.......................................................53

Chapter 3 Biodegradation of Nitrogen in a Commercial Recirculating Aquaculture Facility.................................................................................78

1. Introduction..........................................................................................78

2. Methods................................................................................................82

3. Results...................................................................................................90

4. Discussion.............................................................................................95

5. Conclusion............................................................................................97

Acknowledgements.............................................................................98

Chapter 4 Biofloc Technology (BFT): A Review for Aquaculture Application

and Animal Food Industry...................................................................104

1. Introduction........................................................................................104

2. History of BFT ................................................................................106

3. The role of microorganisms ..........................................................108

4. Applications in aquaculture .........................................................111

5. Microbial biomass application in animal food industry .........120

6. Conclusions and perspectives of BFT .........................................126

Acknowledgement ...........................................................................127

Chapter 5 Antibiotics in Aquaculture – Use, Abuse and Alternatives ......137

1. Introduction........................................................................................137

2. Use of antimicrobials in aquaculture ..........................................138

3. Antibiotic effects on host microbiota ..........................................144

4. Antibiotic effects on environmental bacte-ria ............................147

5. Selection of fish pathogens resistant to antibiotics....................150

6. Antibiotics and their effects on fish stress responses ..............152

7. Antibiotics and public health ........................................................158

8. Alternative treatments: Probiotics, essen-tial oils and phage

therapy................................................................................................159

9. Conclusion ........................................................................................171

10. Acknowledgments ...........................................................................171

Chapter 6 Antimicrobial Resistance and Potential Probiotic Application of

Enterococcus spp. in Sea Bass and Sea Bream Aquaculture........191

1. Introduction........................................................................................191

2. Antibiotic resistance in aquaculture ............................................192

3. Probiotics as alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture ...........194

4. Probiotic development in aquaculture farming in Tunisia .....199

5. Conclusion .......................................................................................205

Chapter 7 Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella: A Risk for Tropical

Aquaculture .............................................................................................214

1. Introduction........................................................................................214

2. Methods of isolation, identification and evaluation of antibacterial

susceptibility in Salmonella .............................................................215

3. Results ................................................................................................217

4. Conclusion ........................................................................................222

Chapter 8 Aquaculture Water Quality for Small-Scale Producers ...............231

1. Introduction........................................................................................231

2. Overview of water quality in aquaculture .................................232

3. Low-tech water quality management ..........................................240

4. Conclusions .......................................................................................245

Citation......................................................................................................253

Index...........................................................................................................255

About Author

Judah Kristtofer is an Aquaculture Engineer at Federal University of Santa Catarina. He holds Ph.D. in Marine Science from Public Research University, Manitoba. His focus is on writing projects and development of new technologies in aquaculture. He is also a project service provider, consultant and develops research in the field of biofloc technology (BFT) for freshwater fish farming. He is actively engaged in the researches focused on aquatic ecosystems, commercial fishing, etc. He has also been a keynote speaker at numerous international conferences.