About Book

The mitigation of earthquake-related hazards is essential in the modern society. The mitigation of such kind of hazards extends from detailed studies on seismicity, assessment of sites affected and seismo-induced landslides. It also expands from analysis of disasters like tsunami along with the design and analysis of structures to refrain such actions. The study of earthquakes integrates science, technology and expertise in infrastructure and engineering in an endeavour to curtail human and material losses due to earthquakes. Earthquake engineering is a multi-phased process that ranges from the description of earthquake sources, to characterization of side effects and structural response, and to description of measures of seismic protection. It is the science of the performance of buildings and structures when subjected to seismic loading. It also assists analyzing the interaction between civil infrastructure and the ground, including the consequences of earthquakes on structures. This book deals with a variety of topics like earthquake observation, chain disasters, geotechnical earthquake engineering, earthquake prediction, earthquake instrumentation, earthquake culture and shallow earthquakes. Chapters in this book will be devoted to various aspects of earthquake research and analysis. The book spans from statistical seismology studies, the latest techniques and advances on earthquake precursors and forecasting, as well as, to new methods for early detection, data acquisition and interpretation. This book will be of interest to civil and structural engineers and students with an understanding of the common analysis techniques employed to evaluate these responses. It will be of great need for practitioners and researchers also.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Dramatic Weakening and Embrittlement of Intact Hard Rocks in the Earth’s Crust at Seismic Depths as a Cause of Shallow Earthquakes..................................................................................................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................2

2. Post-peak properties of hard rocks at high s3: conventional and

new understanding...............................................................................3

3. General principles of the new mechanism operating in hard

rocks at high s3...................................................................................................................................................9

4. Fan mechanism as a source of dynamic events in the earth’s

crust.......................................................................................................22

Acknowledgements.............................................................................30

Chapter 2 Earthquake Culture: A Significant Element in Earthquake Disaster Risk Assessment and Earthquake Disaster Risk Management ...35

Abstract ................................................................................................35

1. Introduction..........................................................................................36

2. Risk........................................................................................................36

3. Risk assessment...................................................................................38

4. Risk management................................................................................38

5. State of the art on the earthquake culture.....................................39

6. Earthquake culture in Iran................................................................41

7. Concluding remarks...........................................................................50

Acknowledgements.............................................................................52

Chapter 3 Earthquake Instrumentation...................................................................57

Abstract.................................................................................................57

1. Introduction..........................................................................................57

2. Mathematical expression...................................................................58

3. Tri‐axial accelerometer.......................................................................60

4. Application of seismic instrument...................................................68

5. Conclusions..........................................................................................71

Chapter 4 Earthquake Prediction.............................................................................73

Abstract.................................................................................................73

1. Introduction..........................................................................................74

2. Earthquake prediction strategies......................................................76

3. Conclusions..........................................................................................94

Acknowledgements.............................................................................95

Chapter 5 A Cognitive Look at Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering:

Understanding the Multidimensionality of the Phenomena ....101

1. Introduction........................................................................................101

2. Geotechnical earthquake hazards .................................................103

3. Cognitive Computing.......................................................................106

4. Cognitive models of ground motions...........................................112

5. Conclusions .......................................................................................140

Chapter 6 Earthquake Induced a Chain Disasters ...........................................148

1. Introduction........................................................................................148

2. The earthquake induced landslide................................................149

3. Susceptibility analysis of earthquake induced Landslides ......158

4. Analysis of Long run-out mechanism based on trampoline

effect ..................................................................................................165

5. Debris flow arising from the earthquake.....................................175

6. Conclusions........................................................................................183

7. Acknowledgment..............................................................................184

Chapter 7 Earthquake Observation by Social Sensors.....................................189

1. Introduction........................................................................................189

2. Overview of earthquake observation by social sensors............190

3. Tweet collection.................................................................................195

4. Earthquake detection from a time-series data using a probabilistic

model...................................................................................................203

5. Location estimation from tweets....................................................206

6. Evaluation and application.............................................................212

7. Conclusion..........................................................................................214

Chapter 8 Earthquake and Mental Health...........................................................216

1. Introduction........................................................................................216

2. Earthquake and depression.............................................................220

3. Earthquake and schizotypical personality ..................................222

4. Earthquake and cognitive function disorders.............................225

5. Earthquake and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)..........227

6. Summary.............................................................................................234

Citation......................................................................................................237

Index...........................................................................................................239

About Author

Nico Gamm is an Ecologist and Environmental Specialist based at Nagoya, with more than 20 years of academic and consulting experience. He holds a Ph.D. in Earth Science from the Technological University, Guangdong. His research interests are in the applied aspects of earthquake seismology and tectonics. He has contributed several articles and research papers on earthquake ground motion and seismic hazard, earthquake moment tensor solutions, and ambient noise measurements on soil. He has also co-edited over 30 books on earthquake engineering and geotechnical engineering. He has also attended numerous scientific conferences and symposiums.