About Book

Plant Biotechnology has been a subject of academic interest for a considerable time. In recent years, it has also become a useful tool in agriculture and medicine, as well as a popular area of biological research. Plant tissue culture (PTC) is the regeneration of a whole plant from plant cells, tissues or organs in a suitable nutrient medium under aseptic conditions. Regenerated plants are favourable for boosting the quality of human life. Plant tissue culture technology is being widely used for large scale plant multiplication. Plant tissue culture is considered to be the most efficient technology for crop improvement by the production of somaclonal and gametoclonal variants. Commercial production of plants through micropropagation techniques has several advantages over the traditional methods of propagation through seed, cutting, grafting and air-layering etc. As an emerging technology, the plant tissue culture has a great impact on both agriculture and industry, through providing plants needed to meet the ever-increasing world demand. It has made significant contributions to the advancement of agricultural sciences in recent times and today they constitute an indispensable tool in modern agriculture. This book presents fundamental concepts, methodologies and applications of biotechnology in plants. It explores oxidative stress studies, somaclonal variation, in vitro tissue culture, polyamines, gelling agents, current status and opportunities. It also deals with tissue culture techniques and high frequency shoot regeneration. It caters to the needs and challenges of researchers in plant biology, biotechnology, the medical sciences, pharmaceutical biotechnology and pharmacology areas by providing an accessible and cost-effective practical approach to micro-propagation and conservation strategies for plant species. This book brings together a wide range of research studies under this central theme and highlights the large number of commercial plants whose growth and development have been upgraded using tissue culture techniques.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Tissue Culture Techniques for Native Amazonian Fruit Trees .....1

1. Introduction............................................................................................1

2. Tissue culture techniques for native Amazonian fruit trees........2

3. In vitro establishment and micropropagation.................................4

4. Somatic embryogenesis .......................................................................7

5. In vitro zygotic embryo culture ........................................................8

6. In vitro germination of pollen grains................................................9

7. Possible tissue culture techniques for native Amazonian fruit

trees ......................................................................................................10

8. Final thoughts ....................................................................................11

9. Conclusion............................................................................................11

Chapter 2 The Prerequisite of the Success in Plant Tissue Culture: High Frequency Shoot Regeneration ............................................................17

1. Introduction..........................................................................................17

2. Factors affecting explant’s regeneration capacity.........................18

3. Treatments increasing explant’s regeneration capacity...............34

4. Conclusion ...........................................................................................41

Chapter 3 Polyamines, Gelling Agents in Tissue Culture, Micropropagation of Medicinal Plants and Bioreactors....................................................50

1. Introduction..........................................................................................50

2. The use of polyamines as growth regulators ..............................51

3. Alternative gelling agents..................................................................54

4. Micropropagation of medicinal species ........................................58

5. Biochemical responses of plants cultivated in vitro ..................62

6. Bioreactors ...........................................................................................63

Chapter 4 In vitro Tissue Culture, a Tool for the Study and Breeding of

Plants Subjected to Abiotic Stress Conditions..................................71

1. Introduction..........................................................................................71

2. Somaclonal variation..........................................................................73

3. In vitro selection of plants tolerant to abiotic stress...................74

4. Characterization of salt- or drought-tolerant plants during

in vitro selection...................................................................................76

5. Transgenesis for abiotic stress tolerance........................................78

6. In vitro tissue culture as a tool for physiological and biochemical

studies in plants..................................................................................80

7. Conclusion............................................................................................82

Acknowledgement...............................................................................83

Chapter 5 Plant Tissue Culture Media ..................................................................93

1. Introduction..........................................................................................93

2. Media composition.............................................................................93

3. Media preparation............................................................................102

4. Media selection..................................................................................103

5. Media sterilization............................................................................104

Chapter 6 Plant Tissue Culture: Current Status and Opportunities.............108

1. Introduction........................................................................................108

2. History of plant tissue culture ......................................................109

3. Basics of plant cell and tissue culture .......................................111

4. Tissue culture in agriculture...........................................................112

5. Germplasm conservation ................................................................113

6. Embryo culture ................................................................................113

7. Genetic transformation.....................................................................114

8. Protoplast fusion...............................................................................115

9. Haploid production .........................................................................116

10. Current and future status of plant tissue culture .....................116

11. Techniques of plant tissue culture.................................................117

12. Somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis ...............................119

13. Tissue culture in pharmaceuticals ................................................120

14. Hairy root cultures ..........................................................................122

15. Tissue culture facilities at Qarshi industries ..............................123

16. Case study 1.......................................................................................123

17. Case study 2 .....................................................................................124

18. Case study 3 .....................................................................................125

19. Case study 4 .....................................................................................127

20. Case study 5 ....................................................................................128

21. Conclusion .........................................................................................129

22. Commonly used terms in tissue culture ....................................130

23. Abbreviations ....................................................................................132

Chapter 7 Somaclonal Variation in Tissue Culture: A Case Study with Olive...........................................................................................................143

1. Introduction........................................................................................143

2. Somaclonal variation .......................................................................144

3. Origin and causes.............................................................................145

4. Genetic changes that contribute to somaclonal variation.........147

5. Morphological, cytological and biochemical markers...............149

6. Molecular markers............................................................................149

7. Olives...................................................................................................151

8. Conclusion..........................................................................................164

Acknowledgement ...........................................................................165

Chapter 8 Oxidative Stress Studies in Plant Tissue Culture .........................178

1. Introduction........................................................................................178

2. Oxidative stress and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) .............179

3. Antioxidant defence system ..........................................................183

4. Plant tissue culture ..........................................................................191

5. Conclusion .........................................................................................203

Citation......................................................................................................215

Index...........................................................................................................217

About Author

Ross Clarke pursued her Master of Science in Agronomy from Technological University, Wrexham. She has authored and edited several texts, which include articles, technical papers and chapters, in the fields of photodegradation, photochemical reactions and phosphorescence. She is a distinguished professor and serves as guest faculty for several universities across Europe. Her primary areas of scholarly and research interests lie in the fields of plant biotechnology and conservation. She has attended numerous scientific conferences and symposiums and has presented 6 papers on horticulture. She has travelled and lectured extensively throughout Europe and United States; primarily for higher education.