About Book

Plants are the primary producers in Earth's ecosystem. Understanding plant function is the key to enhancing crop production, preserving plant biodiversity, producing medicines, and much more. In order to understand plant function, one must understand plant form. As a part of botany, plant anatomy focuses on the structural or body parts and systems that make up a plant. It is a vast subject which deals with the study of the cell structure, and tissues of plants at a microscopic level. It focuses on seed anatomy, flower anatomy, root structure, seed structure, leaf anatomy, wood anatomy, etc. Some studies of plant anatomy use a systems approach, organized on the basis of the plant's activities, such as nutrient transport, flowering, pollination, embryogenesis or seed development. Plant anatomy is now frequently investigated at the cellular level, and often involves the sectioning of tissues and microscopy. This book traces the progress of plant anatomy and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. The topics included in this book are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It covers genetic transformation, pollination, microspore embryogenesis, drupe, compositional nutrient diagnosis, microbe-based strategy and hydroponic culture. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Artificial Pollination in Kiwifruit and Olive Trees...........................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................2

2. Pollen quality for kiwifruit pollination............................................5

3. The interaction between pollination systems and flowering stage

in Actinidia............................................................................................10

4. Artificial pollination in olive tree....................................................17

Acknowledgements.............................................................................22

Competing interests............................................................................22

Chapter 2 Potassium Nutrition in Plants and Its Interactions with Other Nutrients in Hydroponic Culture.........................................................27

Abstract.................................................................................................27

1. Introduction..........................................................................................27

2. Potassium nutrition in plants and its interactions with other

nutrients in hydroponic culture.......................................................30

3. Conclusion............................................................................................38

Chapter 3 Enzyme Dynamic in Plant Nutrition Uptake and Plant

Nutrition......................................................................................................42

Abstract.................................................................................................42

1. Introduction..........................................................................................43

2. Amylase.................................................................................................45

3. Phosphatase..........................................................................................46

4. Lipase.....................................................................................................47

5. Phytase..................................................................................................48

6. Urease....................................................................................................49

7. Cellulase................................................................................................49

8. The use of enzymes for plant nutrition.........................................50

9. Conclusions..........................................................................................51

Chapter 4 Microbe-Based Strategy for Plant Nutrient Management..............63

Abstract.................................................................................................63

1. Introduction..........................................................................................64

2. Consortia development and characterization................................66

3. Soil leaching.........................................................................................70

4. Plant growth promoting activity......................................................72

5. Seed quality analysis..........................................................................75

6. Conclusion............................................................................................77

Acknowledgements.............................................................................78

Chapter 5 Nutritional Status of Cotton Plant Assessed by Compositional

Nutrient Diagnosis (CND)......................................................................84

Abstract.................................................................................................84

1. Introduction..........................................................................................85

2. Nutritional diagnosis in cotton plant..............................................86

3. Steps to develop CND norms..........................................................87

4. CND index and interpretation.........................................................90

5. Nutrient interactions through principal component analysis on

CND multivariable..............................................................................93

6. Conclusion............................................................................................96

Chapter 6 From the Olive Flower to the Drupe: Flower Types, Pollination,

Self and Inter-Compatibility and Fruit Set........................................99

1. Introduction..........................................................................................99

2. Blossoming induction .....................................................................100

3. Types of flowers ..............................................................................101

4. The reproduction system of the olive tree .................................105

5. Style organization ............................................................................107

6. Pollen style interaction ...................................................................108

7. Interests of the results ....................................................................115

8. Fertilization .......................................................................................116

9. Fruit development ...........................................................................117

10. Storage compound accumulation .................................................118

11. Paternity tests used to unravel S-I mechanisms .......................119

12. Main research tracks .......................................................................120

13. Conclusions .......................................................................................120

14. Summary ...........................................................................................121

Chapter 7 Microspore Embryogenesis...................................................................130

1. Introduction........................................................................................130

2. Gametogenesis versus embryogenesis .........................................132

3. Conditions under which microspore embryogenesis can be

induced ..............................................................................................133

4. Cellular changes that occur at the initiation of microspore

embryogenesis ..................................................................................142

5. Changes in gene expression ..........................................................147

6. Development of a multi-cellular pollen embryo .......................153

Chapter 8 Induced Androgenic Embryogenesis in Cereals ............................162

1. Introduction........................................................................................162

2. Isolated microspore technique ......................................................163

3. Chromosome doubling ...................................................................164

4. Factors influencing androgenic embryogenesis .........................165

5. Spontaneous chromosome doubling in androgenic

embryogenesis ..................................................................................170

6. Genetic control of microspore embryogenesis............................172

Chapter 9 Honeybee Communication and Pollination.....................................177

1. Introduction........................................................................................177

2. The importance of honeybees as pollinators...............................178

3. Honeybee flora..................................................................................181

4. Physical communication through the waggle dance.................191

5. Color, shape and odor learning in honeybees............................194

6. Factors impacting honeybee population leading the pollination

decline.................................................................................................195

Chapter 10 Strategies for Improvement of Soybean Regeneration via Somatic Embryogenesis and Genetic Transformation...................................210

1. Introduction........................................................................................210

2. Soybean somatic embryogenic process.........................................211

3. Genotype-dependent response and screening of highly responsive

cultivars .............................................................................................217

4. Optimization of soybean somatic embryogenesis protocol......219

5. Genetic transformation of soybean somatic embryos via particle

bombardment and bombardment/Agrobacterium integrated

system..................................................................................................228

6. Conclusion .........................................................................................232

7. Acknowledgment..............................................................................232

Citation......................................................................................................247

Index...........................................................................................................249

About Author

Karen Kellar pursued her Ph.D. in Plant Science from Public Science University, Quebec. Her expertise lies in crop physiology and plant pathology. She has served as a Visiting Professor at various universities across America and Europe. She has written numerous research papers on plant morphology, physiology. Kellar has held seminars and attended international conferences on horticultural science, plant breeding and plants in vitro culture. She also works as an editorial assistant and writer for scientific journals and textbook publications.