About Book

Poultry science is a specialization of animal science concerned with finding improved and more effective ways of raising poultry that produce flavorful and healthy eggs and meat. The term poultry actually refers to a variety of bird types raised on farms for food, fiber or entertainment. Standardized shelter constructions as well as provision of nutritional feed are responsibilities that have to be undertaken by those rearing poultry birds. The important issues with poultry include humane treatment, beak trimming, antibiotics used on poultry, poultry feed including arsenic, avian influenza, efficiency in farming and economic factors. Technology that is implemented in this sector may be mechanized or manual. Poultry scientists may also seek to increase poultry production and profit while maintaining quality. Other birds in the poultry category are turkeys, ducks, geese, quail, pheasants, ostriches, and many more. This book is intended to provide an advance framework on poultry science, methods and strategies. The various sub-fields of poultry science along with technological progress that have future implications are glanced at in this book. It focuses on strategies for salmonella control, detection methods for mycoplasmas, chemical contaminants in poultry, feed resource for poultry, foodborne pathogens and mycotoxins and control of aflatoxicosis. It also presents antibiotic use in poultry production and adenoviruses. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of poultry science. The main aim of the book is to familiarize students with the vital concepts of poultry science and make them understand the primary techniques used in this field. It is a comprehensive reference for the poultry industry, students, researchers as well as practitioners.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production and Its Effects on Bacterial Resistance......................................................................................................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................2

2. Use of antibiotic in animal production............................................3

3. Antimicrobial resistance.......................................................................3

4. Antibiotic resistance of some selected organisms in poultry......4

5. Other species of importance.............................................................13

6. Conclusion............................................................................................13

Chapter 2 Adenoviruses and Their Diversity in Poultry...................................25

Abstract.................................................................................................25

1. Introduction..........................................................................................26

2. Morphology and biology/epidemiology.........................................26

3. Clinical features and pathogenesis..................................................29

4. Detection...............................................................................................30

5. Molecular study on HVRs1–4 and RSCU diversity.....................32

6. Adenovirus diversity..........................................................................34

7. Adenoviruses in poultry....................................................................35

8. Discussion.............................................................................................36

9. Conclusions and future perspectives..............................................37

Chapter 3 Control of Aflatoxicosis in Poultry Using Probiotics and Polymers......................................................................................................45

1. Introduction..........................................................................................46

2. Biological importance of AFB1 in poultry.....................................47

3. Microbiological control of AFB1......................................................48

4. Use of probiotics to prevent AFB1 toxic effects in poultry.......49

5. Use of polymers to prevent AFB1 toxic effects in poultry........56

Chapter 4 Chitoneous Materials for Control of Foodborne Pathogens and

Mycotoxins in Poultry.............................................................................72

Abstract.................................................................................................72

1. Introduction..........................................................................................73

2. Antimicrobial effect of chitosan on Salmonella in broiler

chickens.................................................................................................74

3. Effect of chitosan as a biological sanitizer on chicken skin.......76

4. Prebiotic properties of Aspergillus oryzae to control foodborne

pathogens improve performance and bone mineralization in

poultry...................................................................................................77

5. Evaluation of chitosan as binding adsorbent material to prevent

mycotoxicosis poultry........................................................................82

6. Chitosan nanocarriers: a strategy to improve solubility,

permeability and stability of drugs................................................84

7. Conclusion............................................................................................89

Acknowledgements.............................................................................90

Chapter 5 Assessment of Maize (Zea mays) as Feed Resource for Poultry..100

Abstract...............................................................................................100

1. Introduction........................................................................................100

2. Importance of maize in human and animal nutrition..............102

3. Nutritive value of normal hybrid maize grain...........................104

4. Factors affecting the chemical composition of maize grain.....112

5. Maize grain as animal feed............................................................113

6. Nutritionally improved maize grain.............................................114

7. Development of quality protein maize (QPM)...........................116

8. Evaluation of protein quality of nutritionally improved

maize...................................................................................................117

9. Future challenges of maize utilisation in poultry diets............122

10. Conclusion..........................................................................................125

Chapter 6 Chemical Contaminants in Poultry Meat and Products...............135

Abstract .............................................................................................135

1. Introduction........................................................................................136

2. Veterinary drugs...............................................................................138

3. Toxic elements...................................................................................140

4. Radioactive substances.....................................................................142

5. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs).............................................144

6. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)...................................145

7. Phthalates............................................................................................146

8. Other contaminants..........................................................................148

9. Control of the contaminants at poultry meat and products....148

10. Conclusions........................................................................................151

Chapter 7 Comparison of Detection Methods for Mycoplasmas of Significance to the Poultry Industry..........................................................................159

1. Introduction........................................................................................159

2. Detection methods ...........................................................................161

3. Intervention .......................................................................................165

4. Conclusions and future directions ...............................................167

Chapter 8 Alternative Strategies for Salmonella Control in Poultry............171

1. Introduction........................................................................................171

2. Lactic acid bacteria-based probiotic for Salmonella control and

performance in poultry ..................................................................173

3. Mechanism of action of probiotics against Salmonella ...........173

4. Comparisons between genotypic 16S rRNA, MIDI, and biolog

identifications of FloraMaxTM lactic acid bacteria .....................175

5. Bacillus spore-based probiotic for Salmonella control and

performance enhancement in poultry .........................................177

6. Prospects of bacteriophage therapy to control gastrointestinal

disease ................................................................................................179

7. Vaccination for control of Salmonella in poultry ......................184

8. Conclusions .......................................................................................189

Citation......................................................................................................211

Index...........................................................................................................213

About Author

Erica Paul obtained her Ph.D. in Animal Biotechnology from Public University of Science, Lugano. She is an Associate Professor at University College, Edinburgh. Her research interests include veterinary immunology and veterinary epidemiology. She has written many articles and research reports on domestic animal physiology, poultry science, and animal systems management. She has attended numerous agricultural conferences and symposiums and has presented 10 papers on livestock production and poultry domestication.