About Book

Phosphorus, an essential element for plant and animal growth, has long been recognized as necessary to eliminate deficiencies and to maintain profitable crop and livestock production. It can increase the biological productivity of surface waters by accelerating eutrophication. Human activities accelerate the rate of eutrophication – principally by increasing the rate at which phosphorus enters the aquatic system. When phosphorus is supplied, plant growth is stimulated. In most agricultural situations, additional phosphorus will improve productivity. But in rivers, streams and lakes, phosphorus can cause problems by stimulating excess plant growth and reducing the quality of the water. Like many other things, too much of a good thing can be bad. The ultimate sources of phosphorus in the environment are primary minerals, such as apatite (calcium phosphate). This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to agriculture and phosphorus management. It provides great detail of various aspects like phosphorus deficiency, microbial solubilization, organophosphorus, transformation analysis, glucose homeostasis, electro-chemical biosensors and root-induced processes. It also focuses on forage production and phosphorus fertilizer. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts of this field. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new devices and technologies related to air quality monitoring. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies have been included in it. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for students and researchers involved in this field.

Preface............................................................................................................v

Chapter 1 Phosphorus Fertilizer: The Original and Commercial Sources.......1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................1

2. Phosphorus scarcity............................................................................12

3. Phosphorus sustainability..................................................................12

4. Phosphorus recovery..........................................................................14

5. Conclusions..........................................................................................14

Acknowledgements.............................................................................15

Chapter 2 Phosphorus Microbial Solubilization as a Key for Phosphorus Recycling in Agriculture.........................................................................17

Abstract ................................................................................................17

1. Introduction ........................................................................................17

2. Microbial solubilization ....................................................................20

3. Phosphorus by-products....................................................................23

4. Phosphorus biofertilizers based on renewable raw materials...25

5. Modeling of solubilization................................................................27

6. Conclusions..........................................................................................31

Acknowledgements.............................................................................31

Chapter 3 Phosphorus in Forage Production........................................................37

Abstract.................................................................................................37

1. Introduction..........................................................................................38

2. Dynamic of phosphorus in tropical soils.......................................40

3. Organic phosphorus...........................................................................40

4. Inorganic phosphorus.........................................................................41

5. Phosphorus labile................................................................................45

6. Phosphorus moderated labile...........................................................46

7. Phosphorus no labile..........................................................................46

8. Determination of P forms.................................................................46

9. The 4R’s nutrient stewardship’ for P-fertilizer in forage

grasses...................................................................................................50

10. Soil nutrient interactions with phosphorus...................................55

11. Concluding remarks...........................................................................58

Chapter 4 Intercropping Promotes the Ability of Legume and Cereal

to Facilitate Phosphorus and Nitrogen Acquisition through

Root-Induced Processes...........................................................................67

Abstract.................................................................................................67

1. Introduction..........................................................................................68

2. Plant growth and nodulation under legumes-cereals

intercropping........................................................................................69

3. Increased efficiency in use of the rhizobial symbiosis

(EURS)...................................................................................................71

4. Phosphorus availability and root-induced changes.....................72

5. Phosphorus and nitrogen nutrition under legumes-cereals

intercropping........................................................................................74

6. Advantage of intercropping on grain yield and nutrients

uptake....................................................................................................76

7. Conclusion............................................................................................77

Chapter 5 Bio-Organo-Phos: A Sustainable Approach for Managing

Phosphorus Deficiency in Agricultural Soils.....................................81

Abstract.................................................................................................81

1. Introduction..........................................................................................82

2. Importance of phosphorus for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in

legumes.................................................................................................84

3. Phosphorus problems in the soils...................................................86

4. Expected depletion of RP..................................................................87

5. Rock phosphate (an indigenous and economical source

of P).......................................................................................................88

6. Integrated application of RP and PSMs.........................................90

7. Integrated application of RP and compost....................................92

8. Integrated application of RP, PSMs, and compost

(bio-organo-phos)................................................................................99

9. Conclusions and perspectives........................................................100

Chapter 6 Recent Trends in the Development of Electrochemical Biosensors for Organophosphorus Pesticides Determination...........................116

1. Introduction........................................................................................116

2. OPs determination applying electrochemical biosensors..........117

3. Nanostructured electrochemical biosensors for OPs

quantification......................................................................................119

4. Analytical performances of the recently developed nanostructured

electrochemical biosensors for OPs quantification.....................123

5. Conclusion..........................................................................................126

Chapter 7 Organophosphorus Insecticides and Glucose Homeostasis .......135

1. Introduction ......................................................................................135

2. Toxicity of organophosphorus insecticides ................................136

3. Organophosphorus insecticides and glucose homeostasis:

mechanistic insights ........................................................................138

4. Conclusion .........................................................................................156

5. Acknowledgments ...........................................................................156

Chapter 8 Soil Phosphorus Tests and Transformation Analysis to Quantify Plant Availability: A Review................................................................164

1. Introduction ......................................................................................164

2. Soil tests for available P .................................................................165

3. Soil P transformation........................................................................168

4. Analysis of P transformation in soils ..........................................175

5. Summary ...........................................................................................177

Chapter 9 Organophosphorus Pesticides Analysis ...........................................187

1. Introduction ......................................................................................187

2. Organophosphorus pesticides analysis .......................................189

3. Conclusion..........................................................................................198

4. List of abbreviations ........................................................................199

Chapter 10 Advances in Analytical Methods for Organophosphorus

Pesticide Detection.................................................................................217

1. Introduction ......................................................................................217

2. Advances in the detection of OP pesticides ..............................226

3. Determining OP pesticides using mass spectrometric

techniques .........................................................................................227

4. Optical sensors .................................................................................246

5. Future perspectives .........................................................................254

6. Acknowledgements .........................................................................255

Citation......................................................................................................285

Index...........................................................................................................287

About Author

Griffith Mullan obtained his Ph.D. in Agricultural Biotechnology from Public University of Science and Technology, Saskatchewan. He serves as a Research Associate at Institute of Technology, Richmond. His research areas are plant physiology and weed science. He has written dozens of articles and research papers related to horticulture, plant science and crop production, and phosphorus management. He holds prominent memberships of international agricultural associations and has been an active participant at international conferences and forums.