About Book

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that relies on a combination of common-sense practices. In general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors. Although pesticides have benefits, some also have drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other species. Pesticides belong to the family of agrochemicals and consist in molecules able to act against pests, insects, fungi and various diseases present in agricultural and crop industry. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms. The aim of this book is to provide a detailed overview of integrated pest management with highlights on the areas of major concerns. The book compiles case studies detailing different pest control measures and their use in different geographical, crop and entomological disciplines. It focuses on environmental impacts, management strategies, pesticide biomarkers, photolysis, influential factors, greener alternative and future prospects.Integrated pest management, alternative insect control strategies, as well as ecological impact of insecticides are included. The content coverage in this book should appeal the reader’s concern to upkeep rational decisions about the use of pesticides. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the growth of the discipline. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for those interested in this field.

Preface............................................................................................................ v

Chapter 1 Integrated Pest Management of the Yam Chip Beetle Dinoderus

porcellus Lesne (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae): Current Status and

Future Prospects..........................................................................................1

Abstract...................................................................................................1

1. Introduction............................................................................................2

2. General description about Dinoderus porcellus.............................3

3. Management of Dinoderus porcellus in yam chips.......................5

4. Integrated pest management .............................................................9

5. Scope for future research and development of innovative management strategies.......................................................................10

6. Conclusions..........................................................................................13

Conflict of interest..............................................................................13

Chapter 2 Pesticides: Environmental Impacts and Management Strategies..21

1. Introduction..........................................................................................21

2. Effects of pesticides on target organisms.......................................22

3. Effects of pesticides on non-target organisms...............................24

4. Pesticides and soil environment......................................................30

5. Pesticides in water and air ecosystem............................................34

6. Pesticides and biomagnification.......................................................39

7. Strategies for pesticide management..............................................40

8. Conclusion............................................................................................50

Acknowledgements.............................................................................51

Chapter 3 Use and Management of Pesticides in Small Fruit Production....74

1. Introduction..........................................................................................74

2. Problems associated with the use of pesticides in agriculture..75

3. Weather conditions during the application...................................76

4. Spray application under unstable conditions...............................78

5. Spray application under stable conditions....................................79

6. Spray equipment used for pesticide applications in small fruit

crops......................................................................................................80

7. Plant structure and canopy: where do your chemicals end

up?.........................................................................................................82

8. Pest habitat and behavior.................................................................85

9. Pesticide management summary.....................................................87

Chapter 4 Neem Seed Oil: Encapsulation and Controlled Release -

Search for a Greener Alternative for Pest Control...........................89

1. Introduction..........................................................................................89

2. Literature review...............................................................................111

3. Methods of synthesis of encapsulated controlled release NSO

pesticides............................................................................................120

4. Commercialization, future direction and conclusion.................128

5. Conclusion..........................................................................................130

Chapter5 Fate of Pesticides in Soils: Toward an Integrated Approach of

Influential Factors...................................................................................145

1. Introduction ......................................................................................145

2. Retention ...........................................................................................146

3. Degradation ......................................................................................152

4. Relevant scale and influent integrated factors ..........................165

5. Conclusion ........................................................................................167

Chapter 6 Pesticides and Their Movement Surface Water and Ground

Water..........................................................................................................181

1. Introduction........................................................................................181

2. Pesticide properties .........................................................................182

3. Pesticide movement in surface water and ground water.........185

4. Pesticide transport in air, water and soil ...................................188

Chapter 7 Pesticides Empty Containers (EPC) in the Area of Ouagadougou:

Actors, Risks and Prospects of Secure Management.....................197

1. Introduction........................................................................................197

2. Methodological approach................................................................198

3. Dynamic EPC of actors....................................................................201

4. EPC management by the actors.....................................................205

5. Knowledge of the environmental problems................................209

6. Prospects of the EPC management...............................................212

7. Conclusion..........................................................................................215

Chapter 8 Photolysis of Some Benzimidazole Based Pesticides....................218

1. Introduction........................................................................................218

2. Experimental......................................................................................220

3. Results and discussion ...................................................................221

Chapter 9 Pesticide Biomarkers .............................................................................232

1. Introduction ......................................................................................232

2. Biomarkers of pesticide exposure in aquatic organisms and human populations .........................................................................237

3. Biomarkers of effect ........................................................................240

4. Susceptibility biomarkers ...............................................................247

Citation......................................................................................................279

Index...........................................................................................................281

About Author

Lukas Howling obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Processes and Biomolecules from Public State University, Portland. He is serving as a Research Associate at Technical Institute, Bahia. His scientific interests concern the structural and functional characterization of proteins and peptides by using biochemical approaches. Fields of expertise comprises food chemistry, cellular biology, natural products and related applications.Howling has contributed more than 40 papers and articles in international peer-reviewed journals. He consistently shares his knowledge with the student fraternity by organizing lectures and conferences.