About Book

Invertebrates are tremendously differing gathering of animals, with a trademark highlight of nonappearance of spine and involve 97% of animal species. It contains implications of wood collecting activities on invertebrate’s diversity of conservation areas, measuring photosynthesis in symbiotic invertebrates, levels of toxicity screening of environmental chemicals using aquatic invertebrates and biodiversity of macroinvertebrates and pesticide biomarkers in terrestrial invertebrates. Invertebrate diversity ranges from protozoa to echinodermata and as a result of that reality, this subdivision of zoology has many further subdivisions, including however not constrained to wipes, mollusks, worms, crawlies and bugs. This book presents a comprehensive and critical review of recent developments in invertebrate zoology. It summarises the results of diverse worldwide research and investigation into all classes of Invertebrates. It provides detailed description of pesticide biomarkers, invertebrates diversity, macroinvertebrates, mitochondrial function and symbiotic invertebrates. It gives contemporary accounts on herpesviruses, toxicity, immunotoxicological threats, conservation areas, aquatic invertebrates and invertebrate zoology. This adequately explained and immensely illustrated text, with updated information, will prove to be a valuable source for students and researchers.

Preface .................................................................................................................... v

1. Stream Invertebrate Zoology .............................................................................. 1

Abstract ........................................................................................................... 1

1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 1

2. Taxonomic invertebrate groups of lotic invertebrates ............................ 3

3. Habitats of lotic invertebrates .................................................................. 10

4. Functional feeding groups (FFG) ............................................................... 11

5. Macroinvertebrates used for evaluation of lotic ecosystem

condition ....................................................................................................... 13

6. Quantitative sampling ................................................................................ 20

7. Concluding remarks .................................................................................... 21

2. Levels of Toxicity Screening of Environmental Chemicals Using

Aquatic Invertebrates - A Review ..................................................................... 26

Abstract ......................................................................................................... 26

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 27

2. Environmental chemicals ........................................................................... 28

Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... 37

3. Immunotoxicological Threats of Pollutants in Aquatic Invertebrates ...... 40

Abstract ......................................................................................................... 40

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 41

2. Immunotoxins and their impact on aquatic invertebrates .................. 43

3. External physicochemical barriers of invertebrates as first line of

immune defence against pollutants .......................................................... 44

4. Xenobiotic-induced shift in haemocyte density and morphological

damages of blood cells ................................................................................ 46

5. Nonself surface adhesion and aggregation response of haemocytes .. 49

6. Phagocytic response in the face of environ-mental stressors .............. 51

7. Cytotoxicity of blood cells as an effective immune strategy ................ 52

8. Lysosomal membrane stability and activity of phosphatases ........... 54

9. Pollutant-induced apoptosis and necrosis of invertebrate

immunocytes ................................................................................................ 55

10. Toxin-induced damage of target organs and tissues ............................. 56

11. Discussion ..................................................................................................... 58

Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... 58

4. Toxicity of Agrochemicals on Freshwater Invertebrates

— A Short Review ............................................................................................... 62

Abstract ......................................................................................................... 62

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 62

2. Freshwater invertebrates as sentinel orga-nisms ................................. 64

3. Relevance of sensitivity of cladocerans and rotifers against

pesticides ...................................................................................................... 73

Acknowledgements ..................................................................................... 76

5. Herpesviruses of Fish, Amphibians and Invertebrates ............................... 84

1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 84

2. Biology of fish, amphibian and invertebrate herpesviruses ................ 86

3. Classification and taxonomy of the order Herpesvirales ...................... 94

4. Conservation of herpesvirus capsid archi-tecture & structural

proteins ......................................................................................................... 96

5. Genome organization and gene conservation ........................................ 98

6. Extended characterization of Alloherpes-viridae ................................ 101

7. Conclusions ................................................................................................ 103

8. Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 104

6. Measuring Photosynthesis in Symbiotic Invertebrates:

A Review of Methodologies, Rates and Processes .................................... 118

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 118

2. The phototrophic symbiosis in stony corals ........................................ 119

3. Measurement of photosynthetic processes in corals ........................... 121

4. Rates and mechanisms: What controls coral photosynthesis? ......... 133

5. Summary and conclusions ....................................................................... 145

6. Acknowledgment ...................................................................................... 145

7. Invertebrates Mitochondrial Function and Energetic Challenges .......... 155

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 155

2. The highly conserved mitochondrial machinery of invertebrates:

Same functions, different challenges ...................................................... 158

3. The Invertebrates mitochondrial genome ............................................. 167

4. Invertebrate challenges and how marine species spend energy ....... 171

5. How do invertebrates face hypoxia? ...................................................... 178

6. The role of mitochondria in invertebrate programmed cell death

(Apoptosis).................................................................................................. 182

7. Conclusion and future perspectives ....................................................... 185

8. Implications of Wood Collecting Activities on Invertebrates Diversity of

Conservation Areas ........................................................................................... 207

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 207

2. Materials and methods ............................................................................. 209

3. Results ......................................................................................................... 211

4. Discussion ................................................................................................... 217

5. Appendix ..................................................................................................... 219

9. Pesticide Biomarkers in Terrestrial Invertebrates ....................................... 226

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 226

2. Biomarkers of pesticide exposure and effect ......................................... 233

3. Some methodological issues with biomarkers ..................................... 243

4. Concluding remarks .................................................................................. 249

Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 250

10. Biodiversity of Macroinvertebrates in Oxbow-Lakes of Early Glacial River

Basins in Northern Poland .............................................................................. 262

1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 262

2. Study area ................................................................................................... 264

3. Material and methods .............................................................................. 271

4. Results and discussion ............................................................................. 273

5. Conclusions ................................................................................................ 296

6. Acknowledgments ..................................................................................... 297

Citation ................................................................................................................ 303

Index .................................................................................................................... 305

About Author

Braylon Sun obtained his Ph.D. in Zoology from Public University, Edinburgh. He has more than two decade of teaching experience. He has contributed numerous research papers, articles, and journals on chordate genomics and deuterostome animals. He is working as a Research Associate at the Technological University, Karlstad. His research interests span from general features, anatomy, physiology, life histories of the invertebrates with many details of natural history as well as the usual technical materials on biochemistry, evolutionary schema and taxonomic keys.